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Texas Ranger
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• List of Hispanic and
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& Organizing
the Texas Rangers

1823 • 1835 • 1844
1874 • 1901 • 1911
1935


Fun Features

• The Texas Ranger in
American Popular Culture

• List of Hollywood Films
about the Texas Rangers

  Partial List of Republic of Texas Era
Hispanic and American Indian Texas Rangers

Compiled by Rebekkah Lohr

Contemporary Texas Rangers of Mexican Descent, 2007
with Chief Ray Coffman, Center
Photo Courtesy Capt. “Gary” De Los Santos-San Antonio Co. D

Front row sitting from left to right: Sgt. Jesus “Jesse” Ramos-Lampasas Co F; Sgt. Andrew “Andy” Lopez Jr.-Beeville Co D; Sgt. Rolando “Roland” Castaneda-Brownsville Co G;, Capt. Howard “Dino” Henderson-Austin HQ; Capt. Gerardo “Gary” De Los Santos-San Antonio Co D; Chief Ray Coffman-Austin HQ; Capt. Antonio “Tony” Leal-Houston Co A; Lt. Henry “Hank” Whitman-San Antonio Co D; Sgt. Juan Lozano-Del Rio Co G; Sgt. Victor Escalon Jr.-Harlingen Co G. 

Back row standing left to right: Sgt. William “Rudy” Flores-Palestine Co F; Sgt. Israel Pacheco-McAllen Co G; Sgt. Rodolfo “Rudy” Jaramillo-Floresville Co D; Sgt. Oscar Rivera-Sinton Co D; Sgt. Antonio “Tony” DeLuna-Jourdanton Co D; Sgt. Roberto “Robert” Garza-Corpus Christi Co D; Sgt. Salvador “Sal” Abreo-Austin Co F (retired).

Not in photo: Sgt. Ray Ramon-Kingsville Co D (in court at time of photo).

Missing due to promotion after photo taken: Sgt. Jose “Noey” Diaz-Houston Co A; Sgt. Jeffrey Smithwick-McAllen Co G; Sgt. Jesus “Jesse” Valdez-Midland Co E.

Introduction

One of the persistent myths of Texas Ranger history is that, until recently, all Rangers were Anglo-Europeans. Surviving enlistment records prove that Texans of Hispanic and American Indian descent served from the Mexican era well into Statehood.

    The following is a sample of names from very early enlistment records compiled by museum intern Rebekkah Lohr during research for her graduate thesis. She received guidance from Christina Stopka, head of the Texas Ranger Research Center, and used records at the Hall of Fame and Museum and the Texas State Library and Archives.    Tables of Tejano and Indian names from the Republic era appear below; a few comments are in order about why the spellings and names may seem unusual.   

Early Texas was a land of many languages but few schools. Many famous leaders of early Texas—like Stephen F. Austin, Juan Seguin and Sam Houston—were formally educated in the letters and the law. They led Tejano, Anglo and Indian frontiersmen who were far from ignorant and could converse in several languages. However, lack of schooling meant that many early Texans were illiterate or could barely read and write.  

Enlistment rolls for the Texas Rangers were usually kept by Southerners of Anglo-European descent or recent German and English immigrants. Most were not fluent in Spanish or the Indian languages. They frequently resorted to transliteration and translation to fulfill their duties as record-keepers.   

Most Tejano Texas Rangers (Texas-born of Spanish/ Mexican ancestry), like their Anglo brothers-in-arms, were either barely literate or illiterate. There were few schools in early Texas and only a handful of "ricos" (Tejanos of money and position) had the wealth to send their children to the private and Catholic schools in Mexico City, St. Louis and Philadelphia.    

None of the Indian languages -- such as Tonkawa, Apache and Waco -- existed in written form. This meant that the Indian recruits, unless they learned Spanish in mission schools, were illiterate. They usually signed the enlistment rolls with a mark and had to rely on whatever an enlistment officer from another culture wrote down as their name.    When enlisting Tejano and Indian volunteers, Anglo recruiters often recorded their names by transliteration (writing the sounds of another language as familiar combinations of English letters). This accounts for many of the unusual spellings of Hispanic names:

          • "Juarez" became "Juaris"
          • "Luis" became "Lewis"
          • "Ybarra" became "Ybarbo"
         
      When an enlistment officer thought he understood the meaning of an Indian name, or was given a name by an interpreter, he made attempts at translation:

        • "Gopher" "Buzzard" and "Panther" were probably accurate.
        • Whether names like "They have Shot the Dog" or "Over the Branches" were correctly translated is suspect.   If an Indian name was especially difficult, or if an Indian recruit was known by an Anglo nickname, the recruiter sometimes took the easiest way out by using nicknames or "Christian" names such as:

        • "Big John", "Jack" or "Little Jack"
        • "Tom", "Louis" or "Moses"   Finally, after centuries of Spanish contact, some Indians adopted Spanish names for use outside the tribal group:

       • "Manuel", "Antonio" and "Fernando" were common.      We were privileged to have Ms. Lohr as an employee of the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame for two years while she completed her education at Baylor University.

- Byron A. Johnson, Director
Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum

Partial List of Tejano (Hispanic) Rangers

Partial List of Indian Texas Rangers